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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polymersom</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Polymersome</b> sind künstliche <a href="Vesikel_(Biologie)" title="Vesikel (Biologie)">Vesikel</a>, die in der <a href="Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> und <a href="Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">Biotechnologie</a> zur <a href="Einschlussimmobilisierung" title="Einschlussimmobilisierung">Einschlussimmobilisierung</a> verwendet werden. Der Begriff wurde in Anlehnung an <a href="Liposom" title="Liposom">Liposomen</a> geprägt.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Gegensatz zu Liposomen werden Polymersome aus <a href="Amphiphil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiphil">amphiphilen</a> <a href="Blockcopolymere" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockcopolymere">Blockcopolymeren</a> hergestellt und bestehen daher aus längerkettigen <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymeren</a> wie <a href="Biobasierter_Kunststoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobasierter Kunststoff">bio-basierten Kunststoffen</a>. Daher sind sie stabiler und weniger permeabel.
</p><p>Die erste Entwicklung von Polymersomen gelang 1995<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> durch eine Gruppe um <a href="Jan_van_Hest" title="Jan van Hest">Jan van Hest</a> und <a href="Bert_Meijer" title="Bert Meijer">Bert Meijer</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und unabhängig durch L. Zhang und A. Eisenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Polymersome besitzen <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radien</a> zwischen 50 Nanometer und 5 Mikrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-Discher2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discher2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meistens werden in Polymersome wässrige <a href="L%C3%B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie)">Lösungen</a> eingeschlossen, um darin gelöste Bestandteile wie <a href="Proteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteine">Proteine</a>, <a href="DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> oder <a href="Small_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Small molecule">Small molecules</a> vor einer <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Verstoffwechselung</a> zu schützen. Einsatzgebiete sind z. B. <a href="Drug_Targeting" title="Drug Targeting">Drug Targeting</a>, <a href="Depotarzneiform" title="Depotarzneiform">Depotarzneiformen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanoreaktoren,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und künstliche Zellen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meng_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Enthalten Polymersome <a href="Transportprotein" title="Transportprotein">Transportproteine</a> wie z. B. <a href="Ionenkanal" title="Ionenkanal">Ionenkanäle</a>, werden sie auch als <i>Synthosome</i> bezeichnet. Durch eine solche <a href="Semipermeable_Membran" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipermeable Membran">semipermeable Membran</a> können Polymersome im Inneren selektiv Moleküle anreichern. Sind zuvor Enzyme in die Polymersome eingeschlossen worden, kann so eine gezielte Verstoffwechselung des selektiv aufgenommenen Moleküls erreicht werden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch Wahl geeigneter Zusätze in den Polymersomen können Eigenschaften wie Permeabilität und Stabilität und somit die Rate der Abgabe gezielt verändert werden. Ähnlich wie bei Liposomen kann durch eine Beschichtung der Polymersome mit <a href="Polyethylenglykol" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethylenglykol">Polyethylenglykol</a> die <a href="Immunogenit%C3%A4t" title="Immunogenität">Immunogenität</a> gemindert werden, was die <a href="Biologische_Halbwertszeit" title="Biologische Halbwertszeit">biologische Halbwertszeit</a> verlängert.<sup id="cite_ref-Meng_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meng-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herstellung">Herstellung</h2></div>
<p>Meistens werden lineare Polymere als Diblock- und Triblockcopolymere verwendet. Durch Verwendung von <a href="Hydrophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophil">hydrophilen</a> und <a href="Hydrophob" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophob">Hydrophoben</a> Copolymeren in abwechselnder Folge erhalten die Polymere amphiphile Eigenschaften. Kammartige Copolymere werden zur Erzeugung verzweigter Polymere verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierbei gibt es solche mit hydrophilem Kamm und hydrophoben Fortsätzen oder solche mit hydrophobem Kamm und hydrophilen Fortsätzen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch <a href="Vernetzung_(Chemie)" title="Vernetzung (Chemie)">Quervernetzung</a> können transportable Pulver erzeugt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Discher2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discher2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei einem Triblock-Copolymer wird meistens ein Hydrophober Mittelblock gewählt, flankiert von zwei hydrophilen Copolymeren, sodass sich eine Einzelschicht (engl. <i><span lang="en">monolayer</span></i>) ausbildet.<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Herstellung der Polymersome aus den Polymeren erfolgt analog zu Liposomen.
</p><p>Folgende Blöcke sind in den USA von der <a href="USFDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USFDA">USFDA</a> zugelassen:
</p><p><i>Hydrophile Blöcke</i>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Polyethylenglykol" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethylenglykol">Polyethylenglykol</a> (PEG/PEO)<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rameez_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rameez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Poly(2-methyloxazolin)<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p><i>Hydrophobe Blöcke</i>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Silikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silikon">Polydimethylsiloxane</a> (PDMS)<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Polycaprolacton" title="Polycaprolacton">Polycaprolacton</a> (PCL)<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rameez_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rameez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Polylactide" title="Polylactide">Polylactide</a> (PLA)<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rameez_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rameez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Acrylglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylglas">Poly(Methyl-Methacrylat)</a> (PMMA)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Hammer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. M. Discher, Y. Y. Won, D. S. Ege, J. C. Lee, F. S. Bates, D. E. Discher, D. A. Hammer: <i>Polymersomes: tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> Band 284, Nummer 5417, Mai 1999, S. 1143–1146, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325219?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10325219</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simone Matoori, Jean-Christophe Leroux, Twenty-five years of polymersomes: lost in translation ?, Mater. Horiz., Band 7, 2020, S. 1297–1309, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MH01669D" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1039/C9MH01669D">doi:10.1039/C9MH01669D</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. van Hest, D. A. Delnoye, M. W. Baars, M. H. van Genderen, E. W. Meijer, Science, Band 268, 1995, S. 1592–1595</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Zhang, A. Eisenberg, Science, Band 268, 1995, S. 1728–1731</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Discher2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Discher2002_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Discher2002_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">B. M. Discher, H. Bermudez, D. A. Hammer, D. E. Discher, Y.-Y. Won, F. S. Bates: <i>Cross-linked polymersome membranes: Vesicles with broadly adjustable properties.</i> In: <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry B.</i> 106(11), 2002, S. 2848–2854.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. A. Christian, S. Cai, D. M. Bowen, Y. Kim, J. D. Pajerowski, D. E. Discher: <i>Polymersome carriers: from self-assembly to siRNA and protein therapeutics.</i> In: <i><a href="European_Journal_of_Pharmaceutics_and_Biopharmaceutics" title="European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics">European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics</a>.</i> Band 71, Nummer 3, März 2009, S. 463–474. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.025" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.025">doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.025</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977437?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18977437</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702089/">PMC 2702089</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corinne Nardin, Sandra Thoeni, Jörg Widmer, Mathias Winterhalter, Wolfgang Meier: <i>Nanoreactors based on (polymerized) ABA-triblock copolymer vesicles.</i> In: <i>Chemical Communications (Cambridge).</i> (15), 2000, S. 1433–1434.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. R. Arifin, A. F. Palmer: <i>Polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a novel type of oxygen carrier.</i> In: <i>Biomacromolecules.</i> Band 6, Nummer 4, Jul-Aug 2005, S. 2172–2181, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0501454" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/bm0501454">doi:10.1021/bm0501454</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004460?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16004460</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Meng-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meng_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meng_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Meng, G. H. Engbers, J. Feijen: <i>Biodegradable polymersomes as a basis for artificial cells: encapsulation, release and targeting.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Controlled_Release" title="Journal of Controlled Release">Journal of Controlled Release</a>.</i> Band 101, Nummer 1–3, Januar 2005, S. 187–198, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.026" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.026">doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.026</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588904?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15588904</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430053954/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/29may_polymersomes.htm">NASA Polymersome</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 30. April 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). Abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozana Onaca, Madhavan Nallani, Saskia Ihle, Alexander Schenk, Ulrich Schwaneberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Functionalized nanocompartments (Synthosomes): limitations and prospective applications in industrial biotechnology</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biotechnology Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7–8</span>, August 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>795–805</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200600050">10.1002/biot.200600050</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16927262?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16927262</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Polymersom&rft.atitle=Functionalized+nanocompartments+%28Synthosomes%29%3A+limitations+and+prospective+applications+in+industrial+biotechnology&rft.au=Ozana+Onaca%2C+Madhavan+Nallani%2C+Saskia+Ihle%2C+...&rft.date=2006-08&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fbiot.200600050&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7-8&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+Journal&rft.pages=795-805&rft.pmid=16927262&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ahmed-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_12-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_12-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Ahmed, D. E. Discher: <i>Self-porating polymersomes of PEG-PLA and PEG-PCL: hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles.</i> In: <i>Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.</i> Band 96, Nummer 1, April 2004, S. 37–53, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.021" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.021">doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.021</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15063028?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15063028</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. H. Levine, P. P. Ghoroghchian, J. Freudenberg, G. Zhang, M. J. Therien, M. I. Greene, D. A. Hammer, R. Murali: <i>Polymersomes: a new multi-functional tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy.</i> In: <i>Methods (San Diego, Calif.).</i> Band 46, Nummer 1, September 2008, S. 25–32, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.006" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.006">doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.006</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18572025?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18572025</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714227/">PMC 2714227</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hongfeng Qi, Chongli Zhong: <i>Density Functional Theory Studies on the Microphase Separation of Amphiphilic Comb Copolymers in a Selective Solvent.</i> In: <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry B.</i> 112(35), 2008, S. 10841–10847.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhuo Yi, Xuanbo Liu, Qing Jiao, Erqiang Chen, Yongming Chen, Fu Xi: <i>Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of comb-dendronized amphiphilic block copolymers.</i> In: <i>Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry.</i> 46(12), 2008, S. 4205–4217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Meier-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meier_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meier_16-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meier_16-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Nardin, T. Hirt, J. Leukel, W. Meier: <i>Polymerized ABA Triblock Copolymer Vesicles.</i> In: <i><a href="Langmuir_(Zeitschrift)" title="Langmuir (Zeitschrift)">Langmuir</a>.</i> 16, 3, 2000, S. 1035–1041.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rameez-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rameez_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rameez_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rameez_17-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Rameez, H. Alosta, A. F. Palmer: <i>Biocompatible and biodegradable polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a potential oxygen carrier.</i> In: <i><a href="Bioconjugate_Chemistry" title="Bioconjugate Chemistry">Bioconjugate Chemistry</a>.</i> Band 19, Nummer 5, Mai 2008, S. 1025–1032. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/bc700465v" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/bc700465v">doi:10.1021/bc700465v</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442283?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18442283</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Ayres, P. H. Adams, D. W. Löwik, J. C. van Hest: <i>Beta-sheet side chain polymers synthesized by atom-transfer radical polymerization.</i> In: <i>Biomacromolecules.</i> Band 6, Nummer 2, Mar-Apr 2005, S. 825–831. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/bm049421p" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/bm049421p">doi:10.1021/bm049421p</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15762647?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15762647</a>.</span>
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